The History of Chengdu
Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, has a history that spans over two millennia, serving as an important administrative and economic center in China. The city's name, which literally translates to 'become a capital,' is a testament to its historical significance. This article will take you on a journey through the key periods and events that have shaped Chengdu's rich history.
Ancient Origins and Shu Culture (1600-256 BC)
Archaeological discoveries at the Sanxingdui and Jinsha sites have established that the Chengdu region was inhabited over four thousand years ago and was an important center of a unique ancient culture, known as Shu culture. The Jinsha archaeological site proved that Chengdu, as the capital of Shu, was established around 1200 BCE.
The Qin Conquest and the Founding of Chengdu (316 BC)
In the early 4th century BC, the State of Qin conquered the Shu Kingdom, and Chengdu was founded at its present site. The city's strategic location and the conquest by Qin marked the beginning of Chengdu's role as a political and military center.
Engineering Marvel: Li Bing and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System (221-207 BC)
Li Bing, a state administrator of the Qin State, played a crucial role in shaping Chengdu and Sichuan province. He and his son redirected the waters into a massive system that irrigated more than 5,300 square kilometers, turning the region into the "breadbasket of China". This engineering feat not only transformed the region into an agricultural powerhouse but also provided a way for supplies to reach the military forces stationed in Chengdu.
Tang and Song Dynasties (618-1279): Cultural Flourishing and Innovation
Chengdu's significance continued to grow during the Tang Dynasty. In 756 CE, Emperor Xuanzong fled to Chengdu to escape the An Lushan Rebellion, turning the city into a refuge for people from the Central Plains and contributing to its economic and cultural development. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Chengdu issued the world’s first paper currency, known as "Jiaozi," in 1008 CE, which facilitated trade and commerce.
Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368): The Establishment of Sichuan Province
During the Yuan Dynasty, the central government established the "Sichuan Branch Secretariat" in Chengdu in 1286, formally integrating the region into the central administration of China. This period marked the beginning of Chengdu’s role as the political and military headquarters of Sichuan Province.
Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1912): A City of Conflict and Reconstruction
The Ming and Qing Dynasties were periods of both turmoil and development for Chengdu. In 1644, Zhang Xianzhong captured Chengdu and declared himself emperor of the Daxi Kingdom, renaming Chengdu as Xijing. However, his reign was short-lived as Qing forces soon overran the city. In 1654, Sichuan Province was officially established as an administrative unit, with Chengdu as its capital.
Modern Era (1912-Present): Revolution and Renewal
The early 20th century was a period of significant change for Chengdu. In 1911, the city became a center of the Sichuan Railway Protection Movement, a precursor to the Xinhai Revolution that led to the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China. On December 27, 1949, the People’s Liberation Army captured Chengdu, marking the end of the Chinese Civil War in mainland China. The following month, the Chengdu Municipal People’s Government was established, heralding a new era of development for the city.
Today, Chengdu stands as a vibrant metropolis that blends its rich historical heritage with modern dynamism. From its ancient roots as the capital of the Shu Kingdom to its current status as a major cultural and economic center, Chengdu continues to play a pivotal role in China’s history and development.